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- Parent Category: Chemistry
- Category: Medicinal
New research shows that a protein often accused of sparking autoimmune disease can actually tamp down inflammation and suppress the onset of inflammatory bowel disease. Experiments by Howard Hughes Medical Institute researchers at Yale University reveal that the immune protein interleukin 17A, or IL-17A, can take on the characteristics of Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde – depending on the time and place.
Read more: Protein May Have a Good Side in Preventing Inflammation
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- Parent Category: Chemistry
- Category: Organic
In revisiting a chemical reaction that’s been in the literature for several decades and adding a new wrinkle of their own, researchers with Berkeley Lab and the University of California (UC) Berkeley have discovered a mild and relatively inexpensive procedure for removing oxygen from biomass. This procedure, if it can be effectively industrialized, could allow many of today’s petrochemical products, including plastics, to instead be made from biomass.
Read more: Plastics From Biomass? Inexpensive Method For Removing Oxygen From Biomass Discovered
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- Parent Category: Chemistry
- Category: Organic
An in vivo study suggests that heterogeneous cell cultures block desired differentiation
by Mariano Loza Coll
It has not been easy to steer pluripotent cells toward making sperm in vitro. Learning how sperm precursors develop in vivo allowed a group led by Mitinori Saitou at RIKEN in Kobe, Japan, to derive embryonic primordial germ cells from embryonic cells in culture and use them to restore fertility in sterile mice1. The work suggests that the secret to making some differentiation programs work may lie in shielding precursor cells from inhibitory signals generated within heterogenous cell cultures.
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- Parent Category: Chemistry
- Category: General
These molecules could be used in the detection of chemical warfare agents.
A family of fluorescent dye molecules has been developed for use in “on-off” fluorescence detection of specific chemicals. By themselves, these molecules do not fluoresce. However, when exposed to certain chemical analytes in liquid or vapor forms, they do fluoresce (see figure). These compounds are amenable to fixation on or in a variety of substrates for use in fluorescence-based detection devices: they can be chemically modified to anchor them to porous or non-porous solid supports or can be incorporated into polymer films. Potential applications for these compounds include detection of chemical warfare agents, sensing of acidity or alkalinity, and fluorescent tagging of proteins in pharmaceutical research and development. These molecules could also be exploited for use as two-photon materials for photodynamic therapy in the treatment of certain cancers and other diseases.
Read more: Molecules for Fluorescence Detection of Specific Chemicals
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- Parent Category: Chemistry
- Category: Environmental
by Monya Baker
Genetic vector is off in differentiated cells, on in stem cells
Most techniques to identify reprogramming human cells rely on researchers who know exactly what they are looking for: colonies that look like human embryonic stem cells. A new technique that causes reprogramming human cells to glow green may help open up the field to more scientists.
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- Parent Category: Chemistry
- Category: Organic
by Simone Alves
G
s is vital for engrafting of haematopoietic stem cells
Whether coming from a bone marrow transplant or a patient's own circulating blood, haematopoietic stem cells are remarkably good at finding their way back to the bone marrow niche. David Scadden and his colleagues at the Harvard Stem Cell Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, report that a G-protein known as G
s is necessary to direct these cells to the niche1.
Gs is essential during development. To be able to look at the effect of its absence, the group developed a chimeric mouse in which some cells in each tissue expressed the protein and some did not; the distribution of cells missing and expressing the protein should have been random. As expected, both types of cells contributed to fetal liver, skin and muscle. However, cells that were missing the protein were also missing in the bone marrow. Surprisingly, in vivo experiments showed that Gs-/- cells had the same haematopoietic potential as their wild-type counterparts — they were simply unable to engraft in the bone marrow during development.
Read more: G-Protein Signaling is Needed for Stem Cell Homing